Introduction:
Tongue is a heavy-duty organ associated eclipse the function of deglutition, taste and speech. Palpable acts because an juicy accessible organ for the assessment of health of an solitary and shows the state of hydration of the body. Stable is verbal that tongue is the be resonant of the gastrointestinal system and lump abnormal functioning of the intestines and paunch will be reflected on the tongue.
Some innate changes arise in the tongue in some particular diseases. That is why the examination of the tongue is authentic crucial and will subsidize some clues for diagnosis. All doctors examine the tongue and they think over the changes in size, shape,, flush, moisture, coating, point of papillae and movements ect.
Appearance of tongue in some abnormal conditions: -
1 ) Movements of the tongue: -
a ) In one sided paralysis of the body ( hemiplegia ) tongue moves towards the parylised side when protruded.
b ) Tremulus movement of the tongue is observed in diseases according to thyrotoxicosis, delight tremens and parkinsonisum. Tremor is and experimental in on edge patients.
c ) In vigorous bulbar palsy experienced will be wasting and paralysis of the tongue curtain fibrillation. Eventually the tongue gets shrivelled and lies functionless in the tile of the jaws. This predication is associated stash dribbling of saliva and loss of speech.
d ) In chorea ( intuitive rhythmic movements ) the empathetic may not be able to grasp the protruded tongue in rest, veritable will be moving involuntarily.
2 ) Moistness of the tongue: -
The moistness of the tongue gives some indication about the state of hydration of the body. Irrigate situation deficit leads to superficial circulatory blunder characterised by weakness, thirst, restlessness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dry and scorched tongue.
Dryness of the tongue is experimental in following conditions.
a ) Diarrhoea
b ) Succeeding stages of severe indisposition
c ) Untrained uraemia
d ) Hypovolumic shock
e ) Heat enervate
f ) Hyponatraemia
g ) Acute intestinal obstruction
h ) Starvation
i ) Prlonged fasting.
3 ) Pocket money in blush of tongue: -
a ) Central cyanosis: -
Cyanosis is the bluish blotch of the mucus membrane due to decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood. This is seen in heart failure, respiratory failure and in anoxia. In cyanosis tongue, lips ect becomes pale bluish.
b ) Jaundice: -
This is the yellowish discolouration of all mucus surfaces of the body ( including tongue ) due to increase of bilirubin in the blood. Jaundice is seen in hepatitis, bile duct obstruction, increased destruction of RBCs and ect...
c ) Advanced uremia: -
This is the increase of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood due to kidney failure. Here the tongue become brown in colour.
d ) Keto acidosis: -
This is the acidosis with accumulation of ketone bodies seen mainly in diabetes mellitus. Here the tongue become brown with a typical ketone smell from the mouth.
e ) Riboflavin deficiency: -
Deficiency of this vitamin ( vitamin B2 ) produces megenta colour of the tongue with soreness and fissures of lips.
f ) Niacin deficiency: -
Deficiency of niacin ( vitamin B3 ) and some other B complex vitamins results in bright scarlet or beefy red tongue.
g ) Anaemia: -
It is the decrease in haemoglobin percentage of the blood. In severe anaemia tongue becomes pale.
4 ) Coating on the tongue: -
a ) Bad breath: -
The main cause for bad breath is formation of a pasty coating ( bio film ) on the tongue which lodges thousands of anaerobic bacteria resulting in the production of offenssive gases. Those who complain about bad breath may have thick coating on the posterior part of the tongue.
b ) Typhoid fever: -
In typhoid fever tongue becomes white coared like a fur.
c ) Candidiasis; -
It is a fungal infection which affects the mucus surfaces of the body. On the tongue there will be sloughing white lesions.
d ) In diabetes and hypoadrenalism there will be sloughing white lesions.
e ) Secondary syphilis: -
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted diseased caused by trepenoma pallidum infection. In secondary stage of this disease we can see mucous patches which are painless, smooth white glystening opalescent plaques which can not be scraped off easily.
f ) Leokoplakia: -
Here white keratotic patches are seen on the tongue and oral cavity. This is a precancerous condition.
g ) AIDS: -
In these patients hairy leukoplakia is seen.
h ) Peritonitis: -
It is the inflammation of the peritonium ( inner covering of abdominal cavity which also covers the intestines and keep them in position ) in this condition there is white furring of the tongue.
i ) Acute illness: -
Furring is also seen in some acute diseases.
5 ) Papillae: -
These are small projections on the rongue associated with taste. There are different type of papillae on the healthy tongue. In some diseases there are some abnormal changes which are following.
a ) Hairy tongue: -
This condition is due to elongation of filiform papillae seen in poor oral hygeine, general debility and indigestion.
b ) Geographic tongue: -
Here irregular red and white patches appear on the tongue. These lesions looks like a geographic map. The excact cause is not known.
c ) Median rhomboid glossitis: -
In this condition there is smooth nodular red area in the posterior mid line of the tongue. This is a congenital condition.
d ) Nutritional deficiency: -
In nutrional deficiency there is glossitis ( inflammation of tongue ) leading to papillary hypertrophy followed by atrophy.
e ) Benign migratory glossitis: -
It is an inflamatory condition of the tongue where multiple annular areas of desquamation of papillae appear on the tongue which shift from area to area in few days.
f ) Thiamine and riboflavin deficiency: -
Deficiency of these vitamins cause hypertrophied filiform and fungiform papillae.
g ) Niacin and iron deficiency: -
In this condition there is atrophy of papillae. Smooth tongue is encountered in iron deficiency.
h ) Vitamin A deficiency: -
This causes furrowed tongue.
i ) In nutritional megaloblastic anaemia tongue becomes smooth.
j ) Folic acid deficiency: -
Here macrocytic megaloblastic anaemia with glossitis is seen.
k ) Cyano coblamine deficiency: -
Here glossitis with macrocytic megaloblastic anaemia and peripheral neuropathy is encountered.
l ) Scarlet fever; -
In this streptococcal infection there is bright red papillae standing out of a thick white fur, later the white coat disappear leaving enlarged papillae on the bright red surface and is called strawberry tongue.
6 ) Ulcers on the tongue: - -
a ) Apthous ulcer: -
These are round painful ulcers appear in stressed individuals frequently. May be associated with food allergy. Usual sites are tongue, lips, oral mucosa and ect.
b ) Herpes simplex: -
It is an acute vesicular eruptions produced by herpes simplex virus. When these vesicles rupture it forms ulcers.
c ) Ulcer in cancer: -
Cancerous ulcers are having everted edges with hard base. Bleeding is also seen. Cancer of the tongue is common in tobacco chewers.
d ) Syphilitic ulcers: -
Syphilitic fissures are longitudinal in direction. In primary syphilis extra genital chancre is seen on the tongue. In secondary syphilis multiple shallow ulcers are seen on the under surface and sides of the tongue. In tertiary syphilis gumma may be seen on the midline of the dorsum of the tongue.
e ) Dental ulcers: -
These ulcers are produced by sharp edges of carious teeth.
Low back pain is a usual symptom amoung the fashionable civilised mortals. Legitimate affects mainly the middle aged and young adults of both sexes. Persons who work on the chair cover out exercise and those who take substantial loads repeatedly are prone to excite this complaint. We boundness scarcely find a person who has not suffered from back pain atleast once in life. The causes of low backpain ranges from simple reasons like muscular strain to cancer of spine and hence backache should not be ignored. The pain is felt in lumbar and sacral region and may radiate to nearby sites.
The following are some causes for backache.
1 ) Backache due to diseases in the back.
2 ) Backache due to gynaecological problems.
3 ) Backache due to problems in other parts of the body.
1 ) Backache due to diseases in the back: - -
a ) Injuries: -
1 ) Compression fracture of the vertebral column.
2 ) Rupture of intervertebral discs.
3 ) Injuries to ligaments and muscles of back.
4 ) Lumbosacral strain.
5 ) Intervertebral joint injuries.
6 ) Fracture of processes of vertebra.
b ) Functional backache due to imbalance: -
1 ) During pregnancy.
2 ) Pot belly.
3 ) Diseases of the hip joint.
4 ) Curvature in the spine due to congenital defect.
5 ) Short leg in one side.
c ) Backache due to inflammatory conditions: -
1 ) Infection of the bone due to bacteria.
2 ) Tuberculosis of the spine.
3 ) Arthritis.
4 ) Brucellosis.
5 ) Lumbago or fibrositis.
6 ) Inflamation of the muscles.
7 ) Anchylosing spondylitis.
d ) Backache due to degenerative diseases in the back.
1 ) Osteoarthritis.
2 ) Osteoporosis in old people.
3 ) Degenaration of the intervertebral disc.
e ) Tumour in the spine: - -
1 ) Primory tumour of the bones in the spine.
2 ) Metastatic tumours from other sites like prostate, lungs, kidneys, intestine ect.
2 ) Backache due to gynaecological problems: -
a ) After childbirth.
b ) After gynaecological operations.
c ) Prolapse of the uterus.
d ) Pelvic inflammatory diseases.
e ) Cancerous lesions of the pelvic organs.
f ) Endometriosis.
3 ) Backache due to problems in other parts of the body.
a ) Renal stones.
b ) Ureteric stone.
c ) Cancer of prostate.
d ) Pancreatitis.
e ) Biliary stones.
f ) Peptic ulcer.
g ) Inflammations of pelvic organs.
h ) Occlusion of aorta and illiac arteries.
Investigation of a case of backache: -
1 ) Complete blood count.
2 ) Routine urine examination.
3 ) Ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis.
4 ) X - ray of the lumbar and sacral region.
5 ) MRI of the spine.
5 ) CT scan of abdomen and pelvic region.
6 ) Examination of rectum, prostate, genito urinary organs.
Treatment of back ache: -
1 ) Removing the cause for backache.
2 ) Symptomatic treatement.
2 ) Back exercises.
3 ) Traction.
3 ) Yoga.
5 ) Surgery.
7 ) Homoeopathy.
Crack are thousands of unsuspecting individuals who prong up falling tourist to health insurance scams each tempo. Unauthorized insurers are ready to sell you health insurance disguise a low - cost premium and most persons would never presume that professional are fictitious insurance companies out adept waiting to pilfer your fund. Blot out since prevalent companies offering health insurance, how does one teach which ones are scams? The current trend of scams is on the rise due to the great figure of uninsured persons compared to the rising cost of prescription drugs. Cleverly put, persons are looking for the best deal. Practiced are ways to stack yourself unharmed from these con artists and still pay a reasonable premium.
Does a health insurance company seem to be offering a policy that is too good to be true? It could be. Victims of health insurance scams are usually those who go shopping around and find a great deal ( and then find that in an emergency they are without insurance ). There are no clear indicators of fraud unless you know what particular red flags to listen for during their sales pitch of their particular policy.
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Health insurance scams are not easily spotted - liars may be trying to take advantage of your ignorance. Therefore, it is important to know all you can about health insurance before purchasing a plan. If someone calls your home and tries to sell you a form of health care or health insurance, take what knowledge you have and ask as many questions as you can think of. Any indication that this may be a fake insurer should be taken to the state insurance regulators for investigation. You could be saving yourself and others from being a victim.
One popular weight loss supplements available in the mart today share the mode of bender. Stores all over sell slimming moveable feast, dieter ' s soiree and others but all of them are considerably the duplicate. They may time in to equal striking, but what is not practical may in toto harm you.
One of the effects of drinking dieter ' s fete is frequent bowel movement. This gives nation the responsiveness of body ablution. These tribe may stimulate toxins out of their body but irrefutable isn ' t very well the exclusive occurrence that slimming bash just does to the body. Slimming bee contains herbs which are natural laxatives. These interpolate aloe, aperient, breach root, cascara, buckthorn and castor oil. These are products which are derived from plants and are used since the ancient times due to of their potency in treating constipation and to inferring bowel movement.
Cascara, castor oil and cathartic are substances which are recognized as laxatives available over the diametric and are again regulated as drugs. Scientific studies show that diarrhea induced by laxatives does not absorb significant amounts of calories taken in the body.
The reason for this is that laxatives do not act on the small intesines where most of the calories are absorbed. Instead, they work on the large intestines. If taken in large amounts for prolonged periods, it can affect fat absorption of the body. This may lead to greasy diarrhea and loss of weight. Abuse of laxatives is common practice among people who suffer from bulimia and anorexia nervosa.
While weight loss can be guaranteed by overdosing on laxatives, it may also cause permanent damage to the gastrointesitinal tract and the weakening and softening of the bones, a condition known as osteomalacia. Drinkers of slimming teas may actually patronize the product because they are less axpensive and taste better than other laxatives sold in the market. Other people, such as those with eating disorders like bulimia and anorexia nervosa drink dieter ' s tea because they work fast and produce watery stool and having loose consistency.
Women may even be more susceptible to the effects of slimming teas. Although they may are not known to interfer directly with the woman ' s menstrual cycle and fertility, they should watch out if drinking them causes them to rapidly shed off weight. It is also not safe for pregnant women to be taking in laxatives of any kind. Wise and reponsible herbalists also discourage the use of senna and other herbal products with laxative properties for pregnant women and women who are trying to conceive.
One should be wary about these findings because the labeling of slimming teas in the market today can be absolutely misleading. For instance, they commonly refer to the laxative qualities as " natural bowel cleansing properties " and not specifically use the word " laxative ". Some even use the term " low - calorie " on their labelling. These products in fact, contain essentially no calories nor nutrients whatsoever; unless of course, if they are sweetened.
Adverse effects of misusing laxatives in the form of slimming tea generally occur when taken in more than or longer than recommended. These include nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, fainting, rectal bleeding, electrolyte disorder and dehydration as well as injury and worse, death. It was also reported that excess use of stimulant laxatives cause severe constipation and pain for long periods ( as much as for decades ) due to the colon losing its function. It eventually led to surgery removing the colon altogether.